The docker installer uses iptables for nat. Unfortunately Debian uses nftables. You can convert the entries over to nftables or just setup Debian to use the legacy iptables.
sudo update-alternatives --set iptables /usr/sbin/iptables-legacy
sudo update-alternatives --set ip6tables /usr/sbin/ip6tables-legacy
dockerd, should start fine after switching to iptables-legacy.
sudo service docker start
-blemis