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The `spec` parameter is a **powerful feature** that makes your mocks **safer and more realistic**. Let me explain with concrete examples.

## **What `spec` Does**

The `spec` parameter tells `Mock` **what attributes and methods** the mock object should have, based on a real class or object.

## **Without `spec` - Dangerous and Permissive**

```python
from unittest.mock import Mock

# Mock without spec - accepts ANYTHING
mock_engine = Mock()

# These all "work" even though they don'

# Install packages steamOS

## Configure package manager
If you have not already, use ```passwd``` to create a password for the deck user.

Disable read-only mode: ```sudo steamos-readonly disable```

Initialize the ```pacman``` keyring: ```sudo pacman-key --init```

Populate the ```pacman``` keyring with the default Arch Linux keys: 
```
sudo pacman-key --populate archlinux

```

Try installing a package: ```sudo pacman -S vim```

## Install building packages
Install base packages:

```
sudo pa

/**
 * @param {number[]} players
 * @param {number[]} trainers
 * @return {number}
 */
var matchPlayersAndTrainers = function(players, trainers) {
    // Step 1: Sort both arrays
    players.sort((a, b) => a - b);
    trainers.sort((a, b) => a - b);

    let i = 0; // pointer for players
    let j = 0; // pointer for trainers
    let matches = 0;

    // Step 2: Use two pointers to find valid matches
    while (i < players.length && j < trainers.length) {
        if (players[i] <= trainers[j]) {

sk-c440ee4bb5774594bbecf00559ece6d0

/**
 * Calculates the earliest and latest round two top players can meet in a knockout tournament.
 * @param {number} n - Total number of players.
 * @param {number} firstPlayer - The position of one top player.
 * @param {number} secondPlayer - The position of the other top player.
 * @return {number[]} - [earliestRound, latestRound]
 */
var earliestAndLatest = function(n, firstPlayer, secondPlayer) {
    // Normalize player positions: ensure lower < upper
    let lower = Math.min(firstPlayer, 

how to configure ryuinx:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6gMjpuMvcs&t=187s

nintendo roms:
https://fmhy.net/gamingpiracyguide#nintendo-roms
https://romslab.com/untitled-goose-game-switch-nsp-free-download/

import subprocess
subprocess.check_call(['pip', 'install', 'opencv-python', 'pytesseract', 'easyocr', 'pillow'])

# Common file for reusing ENV Vars
* `pip install dotenv`
* create `.env` file with variables defined:
  * `name=somevavlue`
```python
# config.py
import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv

class Config():
  API_URL = os.getenv(name)
  
# import from another file
from config import Config

name = Config.name
```

/**
 * @param {number} n
 * @param {number[][]} meetings
 * @return {number}
 */
var mostBooked = function(n, meetings) {
    // Initialize arrays to track the number of bookings and the end times of the last meetings for each room
    const count = new Array(n).fill(0);
    const roomEndTimes = new Array(n).fill(0);

    // Sort meetings by start time
    meetings.sort((a, b) => a[0] - b[0]);

    // Iterate through each meeting
    for (const [start, end] of meetings) {
        let assigned = 

CREATE OR ALTER PROCEDURE [dbo].[usp_BackupDatabaseFull]
    @DbName SYSNAME,
    @BackupFolder NVARCHAR(255) = 'K:\SQLBackups\'  -- Default path; override if needed
AS
BEGIN
    SET NOCOUNT ON;

    DECLARE 
        @BackupFile NVARCHAR(500),
        @Timestamp NVARCHAR(50),
        @sql NVARCHAR(MAX);

    -- Check if database exists
    IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM sys.databases WHERE name = @DbName)
    BEGIN
        RAISERROR('Database [%s] does not exist.', 16, 1, @DbName);

parsFormData() {
  return [...new FormData(this.form)].reduce((acc, [name, value]) => ({...acc, [name]: value}), {});
}

#parseFormData() {
  // Efficiently convert FormData to object
  return Object.fromEntries(new FormData(this.#form));
}

// index.js
export * as MathUtils from "./math.js";
export * as StringUtils from "./string-utils.js";

// Usage:
// import { MathUtils, StringUtils } from './index.js';





// modules/index.js
export { default as Calculator } from "./calculator.js";
export { default as Logger } from "./logger.js";
export * from "./math.js";
export * from "./string-utils.js";
export { ApiClient as Client, HTTP_METHODS as Methods } from "./config.js";

// app.js

async function loadMathModule() {
  const mathModule = await import("./math.js");
  console.log(mathModule.add(5, 3));
}

// Or with .then()
import("./math.js")
  .then((mathModule) => {
      console.log(mathModule.PI);
  })
  .catch((error) => {
      console.error("Failed to load module:", error);
  });

<?php
# 親 & 子孫カテゴリを別途表示
// カレント機能は連携させて持たせる

// 現在のタームとその最上位の親を取得
$current_term = null;
$top_parent_id = 0;
if($_term_slug) {
    $current_term = get_term_by('slug', $_term_slug, $_post_type_slug.'category');
    if($current_term && !is_wp_error($current_term)) {
        // 最上位の親を見つける
        $temp_term = $current_term;
        while($temp_term->parent != 0) {
            $temp_term = get_term($temp_term->parent, $_post_type_slug.'category');
            if(is_wp_error($temp_term)) break;
      

# charles使用技巧
## 导出session
- **导出所有session：**`File` -> `Save session`
- **导出单个session：**选中单个session -> 右键`Export Session`