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$cache_metadata = new CacheableMetadata();
$cache_metadata->addCacheContexts(['url.path']);
$cache_metadata->addCacheTags(['node:123', 'node:512']);
$cache_metadata->setCacheMaxAge(0);

$build = [
  '#theme' => 'theme_name',
  '#var_1' => '',
  '#var_2' => '',
];

$cache_metadata->applyTo($build);

$renderer = \Drupal::service('renderer');
$html = $renderer->renderRoot($build);