Set up a pattern whose left-hand side is kept unevaluated:
In[1]:= a + b /. _ + _ -> 0 Out[1]= a + b In[3]:= FullForm[_ + _ -> 0] Out[3]= Rule[Times[2,Blank[]],0] In[2]:= a + b /. HoldPattern[_ + _] -> 0 Out[2]= 0