Cacher is the code snippet organizer for pro developers

*** Yucatán Peninsula / yucatan peninsula crater / why is the yucatan peninsula important / Asteroids attack of  Yucatán Peninsula ? 
- Yucatán Peninsula is blamed for the extinction of the Dianosaurs. 
- The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea, encompassing 3 Mexican states, plus portions of Belize and Guatemala. On the Caribbean, Mexico's Riviera Maya resort strip is bookended by 2 popular destinations: Cancún, with its high-rise hotels and nightlife, and, down the coast, quieter Tulum, a rare seaside example of the Mayan ruins found throughout the peninsula's interior.

* The parallax of a star is taken to be half of the angular distance that a star appears to move relative to the celestial sphere as Earth orbits the Sun.

Kiloparsecs, Megaparsecs, Gigaparsecs  = Although parsecs are used for the shorter distances within the Milky Way, multiples of parsecs are required for the larger scales in the universe, including kiloparsecs for the more distant objects within and around the Milky Way, megaparsecs for all but the closest galaxies, and gigaparsecs for many quasars and the most distant galaxies.
+
Parsecs = A parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure large distances to objects outside our Solar System. One parsec is the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond.[1] A parsec is equal to about 3.26 light-years (31 trillion kilometres or 19 trillion miles) in length. The nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is about 1.3 parsecs (4.25 light-years) from the Sun.[2] Most of the stars visible to the unaided eye in the nighttime sky are within 500 parsecs of the Sun.

Diameter of the observable universe is about = 93 billion light-years (28.5 gigaparsecs).
Diameter of Milky way = 11,400 Quadrillion kilometers !!!
1 Light Year = 9.5 Trilliion Kilometers. (9.5 * 1012 km) / 10 trillion kilometres (or about 6 trillion miles).


Coma Cluster of Galaxies
- The Coma Cluster (Abell 1656) is a large cluster of galaxies that contains over 1,000 identified galaxies.[2][3] Along with the Leo Cluster (Abell 1367), it is one of the two major clusters comprising the Coma Supercluster.[8] It is located in and takes its name from the constellation Coma Berenices.
- The cluster's mean distance from Earth is 99 Mpc (321 million light years).

SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence)
is conducted by several organisations to detect extraterrestrial life. SETI@home is unique because instead of using a huge supercomputer purpose-built to analyse the data collected by a specifi c radio telescope, it uses internet-connected computers to create a virtual supercomputer.

*** Dark matter
Dark matter is something that which we dont see . The dark world is made up with dark matter and dark energy. whatever we see thats are among our luminous world. The luminous world is made of stars,nebulas,planets,satelites,comets and asteroids. But,thats are only 4.9% percent of whole universe. And the rest 95.1% are belongs to the dark world. A parallel world,Which we cant see or we cant touch!! except the gravitational force. This dark matter and energy is keeping together the particles of luminous world with its weak gravitational force. Otherwise,the galaxies and stars were fall  apart from one another many many years ago.. But,question is that, How the dark world is? what does it look like? Do there any living species more intelligent than us exist?

*** Higgs boson / Boson Particle = 
The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory first suspected to exist in the 1960s.

what is the speed of earth's rotation
- 465 meters/second
Then we divide the length of a day into the distance a point on the equator travels in that period: 40,075 km/23.93 hours = 1,675 km/hour, 465 meters/second. The speed of the Earth's rotation changes as you go North or South away from the equator.
- At the equator, the circumference of the Earth is 40,070 kilometers, and the day is 24 hours long so the speed is 1670 kilometers/hour ( 1037 miles/hr). This decreases by the cosine of your latitude so that at a latitude of 45 degrees, cos(45) = .707 and the speed is .707 x 1670 = 1180 kilometers/hr. You can use this formula to find the speed of rotation at any latitude.

Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change.

Blue Moon = A blue moon is an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year: either the third of four full moons in a season, or a second full moon in a month of the common calendar.

Types of Galaxy: There are three main types of galaxies: Elliptical, Spiral, and Irregular. Two of these three types are further divided and classified into a system that is now known the tuning fork diagram. When Hubble first created this diagram, he believed that this was an evolutionary sequence as well as a classification.


* Difference between Nebula and Galaxy
The size of a galaxy is generally many magnitudes higher than the size of a nebula. Secondly, a nebula is present inside a galaxy. A galaxy however cannot be contained within a nebula.

What is Nebula / nebulae or nebulas = A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and gas that collects to form stars. Some are formed from dying stars, while others are formed from space derbis. They can sometimes be seen as 'stars' if they are visible, but most need to be sighted by a telescope / a cloud of gas or dust in space, appearing either bright or dark 

Derbis = scattered pieces of rubbish or remains. / loose natural material consisting especially of broken pieces of rock.

Punnett Square / Checker board = like the one - used to cross between sparms and eggs from father and mother / The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. 

Mendels - Law of Segregation 

Dead sea is not a sea,  it's a lake

Carl Sagan cosmos 

Edmund Hubble telescope 

Lunar eclipse 

Solar eclipse 

Kuiper belt objects 

Where Sputnik was sent an ad where

How sun rotate or orbit

Upside down world map, what's up south?

Cosmopolitan metropolis

barometer = an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure, used especially in forecasting the weather and determining altitude.

Relative elevation 

AMSL = The term above mean sea level (AMSL) is the elevation or altitude of any object, relative to the average sea level. For example, an ocean beach would be at 0 AMSL. AMSL is used in radio (both in broadcasting and other telecommunications uses) by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach.

*** Exoplanets : Worlds Beyond Our Solar System (planets found outside our solar system - maybe inside our galaxy [MilkyWay] or other galaxies)
- An exoplanet (or extrasolar planet) is a planet orbiting a star different from the Sun (the "exo" prefix means "outside" in Greek). Up until now, one has found mainly gas giant planets, which are easier to detect than TELURIC planets. However, due to the increasing sensitivity of the detection methods, one already begins to observe the first planets of sizes comparable to the Earth.
- Exoplanets are planets beyond our own solar system. Thousands have been discovered in the past two decades, mostly with NASA's Kepler space telescope. These worlds come in a huge variety of sizes and orbits. Some are gigantic planets hugging close to their parent stars; others are icy, some rocky. NASA and other agencies are looking for a special kind of planet: one that’s the same size as Earth, orbiting a sun-like star in the habitable zone.
- An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet that orbits a star other than the Sun. Starting in 1988, and as of 15 July 2016, there have been 3,472 exoplanets in 2,597 planetary systems and 589 multiple planetary systems confirmed.
- A planet which orbits a star outside the solar system.


*** Two Types of planets 
- Based on regularity
1. Regular Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - 8 planets)
2. Dwarf Planets (Eris, Pluto, Ceres, MakeMake, Haumea)
- Based on Composition
1. TELURIC planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)
2.  Gas giant (or "Jovian") planets. ex. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

*** The planets of the solar system
The solar system refers to the set of celestial bodies bound by the gravitational attraction of the Sun. Among these bodies, we can distinguish :
- the five planets visible to the naked eye and known since antiquity : Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn;
- two planets discovered more recently through the use of a telescope : Uranus (1781) and Neptune (1846);
- and several dwarf planets, such as Ceres (1801), Pluto (1930) and Eris (2003).
Altogether there is a total of eight planets (Earth included) orbiting the Sun.
The planets of the solar system can be divided into two groups, the TELURIC planets and the gas giant (or "Jovian") planets. The TELURIC planets are spherical bodies with a crust of rock, and the gas giant planets are spheres composed of gas and ice (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). Pluto is a solid body, whose composition consists of a variety of rocks and ices.
Contrary to the Sun and the stars, thermonuclear fusion reactions do not occur in planets (nor do they occur in other bodies in the solar system). The planets are visible because they reflect sunlight.

*** Methods of detecting exoplanets 
1. Wobble method 
2. Transit method

Pleiades Supercomputer = Biggest Supercomputer of NASA

*** "Ultra faint dwarf galaxies / Dwarf spheroidal galaxy" and some galaxies like "globular cluster galaxy" orbits our galaxy (milky way)


A 12-year study published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society has confirmed that our Milky Way Galaxy has four spiral arms, following years of debate that it has only two arms.
1. Scutum–Centaurus Arm
2. Perseus Arm



Kuiper belt objects = Although many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such as methane, ammonia and water. The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets: Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake.


Barry center

Oblate = komlalebur moto golakar o dui prante samanno chapa (The earth is an ObateSphere)


Icarus = In Greek mythology, Icarus is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Often depicted in art, Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax

**** Do you know why sun rises in east and sets in west?????????????????????????
Ans: because of earth rotation pattern. It appears to us as rise and set of sun because of the Earth's rotation on its axis. It makes one complete turn every 24 hours. It turns toward the east. As the Earth rotates toward the east, it looks like the sun is moving west.

Binary Stars = are two stars that orbit around each other

Stars between galaxies = (discovered in Virgo cluster) These stars are called Rogue Stars and are homeless.

Parallax / Parallax Effect= the effect whereby the position or direction of an object appears to differ when viewed from different positions, e.g. through the viewfinder and the lens of a camera. / Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines

7 Basic Colors = ROY G BIV
R - red
O - orange
Y - yellow
G - green
B - blue
I - indigo
V - violet


Closest galaxy to Milky Way:
- Andromeda galaxy (2.5 million light years away)
- Triangulum galaxy

Big Dipper
The Big Dipper (US) or Plough (UK)[1][2] is an asterism (not a constellation) of 7 stars, with four defining a "bowl" or "body" and three defining a "handle" or "head", that is recognized as a distinct grouping in many cultures. These stars are the brightest of the formal constellation Ursa Major;


*** 
# Astrophysics
Astrophysics is a branch of space science that applies the laws of physics and chemistry to explain the birth, life and death of stars, planets, galaxies, nebulae and other objects in the universe. It has two sibling sciences, astronomy and cosmology, and the lines between them blur.
# AstroPhysicist
Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that employs the principles of physics and chemistry "to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space."

why sky is blue?
A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light. When we look towards the sun at sunset, we see red and orange colours because the blue light has been scattered out and away from the line of sight.

infinitesimally / infinitesimal = khudrati khudro


* Measure earthquakes = SEISMOGRAPH

* Jupiters moon GANYMEDE has more water than the earth. 

Isotropic = (of an object or substance) having a physical property that has the same value when measured in different directions.


Schwarzschild radius 
The Schwarzschild radius (sometimes historically referred to as the gravitational radius) is the radius of a sphere such that, if all the mass of an object were to be compressed within that sphere, the escape velocity from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light. An example of an object where the mass is within its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole. Once a stellar remnant collapses to or below this radius, light cannot escape and the object is no longer directly visible, thereby forming a black hole.


Sagittarius A* 
Sagittarius A* (pronounced "Sagittarius A-star", standard abbreviation Sgr A*) is a bright and very compact astronomical radio source at the center of the Milky Way, near the border of the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius. It is part of a larger astronomical feature known as Sagittarius A. Sagittarius A* is believed to be the location of a supermassive black hole,  like those that are now generally accepted to be at the centers of most spiral and elliptical galaxies. Observations of the star S2 in orbit around Sagittarius A* have been used to show the presence of, and produce data about, the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole, and have led to the conclusion that Sagittarius A* is the site of that black hole.


Supermassive black hole (SMBH)
A supermassive black hole (SMBH) is the largest type of black hole, in the order of hundreds of thousands to billions of solar masses (M?), and is found in the centre of almost all currently known massive galaxies. In the case of the Milky Way, the SMBH corresponds with the location of Sagittarius A*.


Orion Arm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Arm
The Solar System, including the Earth, lies within the "Orion Arm" of our Milky Way Galaxy. 


The observable universe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe
The observable universe consists of the galaxies and other matter that can, in principle, be observed from Earth at the present time because light and other signals from these objects have had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. Assuming the universe is isotropic, the distance to the edge of the observable universe is roughly the same in every direction. That is, the observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer. Every location in the Universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.


Milky Way Galaxy 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way
- The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System. Its name "milky" is derived from its appearance as a dim glowing band arching across the night sky whose individual stars cannot be distinguished by the naked eye.
- the pale strip across the sky which you can see at night, and which is part of our galaxy  (= star system)  that includes the Earth 
- Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe. Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies — now estimated to number as many as 200 billion galaxies in the observable universe.
- In one calculation, the Milky Way has a mass of about 100 billion solar masses, so it is easiest to translate that to 100 billion stars. This accounts for the stars that would be bigger or smaller than our sun, and averages them out. Other mass estimates bring the number up to 400 billion.
- although this number may be as high as one trillion.[31] There are likely at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way.[32][33] The Solar System is located within the disk, about 27,000 light-years from the Galactic Center, on the inner edge of one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust called the Orion Arm. The stars in the inner ˜10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The very center is marked by an intense radio source, named Sagittarius A*, which is likely to be a supermassive black hole.

NGC Objects =  New General Catalogue (NGC). It is one of the largest comprehensive astronomical catalogues for deep space objects such as star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NGC_objects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NGC_objects_(1%E2%80%931000)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NGC_objects_(7001%E2%80%937840)
..................... AND LOT MORE (By next next .... )

Comets = a celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust and, when near the sun, a “tail” of gas and dust particles pointing away from the sun.

Law of Gravitation / Law of Gravity = Sir. Isaac Newton (Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.)

Theory of Relativity = Albert Einestine (Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.)

Pythagoras (of Samos) - was an Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, and has been credited as the founder of the movement called Pythagoreanism.
Sir. Isaac Newton (English - Philosopher, Astronomer, Physicist, Scientist - the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution) =  Law of Gravitation, Law of motion
Albert Einstein (German - theoretical physicist)  = Theory of Relativity

Europa Moon of (Jupiter II), is the sixth-closest moon of Jupiter, and the smallest of its four Galilean satellites, and the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei

Orion Nebula
The Orion Nebula (also known as Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976) is a diffuse nebula situated in the Milky Way, being south of Orion's Belt in the constellation of Orion.[b] It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky. M42 is located at a distance of 1,344 ± 20 light years[3][6] and is the closest region of massive star formation to Earth. The M42 nebula is estimated to be 24 light years across. It has a mass of about 2000 times the mass of the Sun. Older texts frequently refer to the Orion Nebula as the Great Nebula in Orion or the Great Orion Nebula.

Carina nebula = The Carina Nebula (also known as the Great Nebula in Carina, the Eta Carinae Nebula, NGC 3372, as well as the Grand Nebula) is a large complex area of bright and dark nebulosity in the constellation of Carina, and is located in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm. The nebula lies at an estimated distance between 6,500 and 10,000 light years from Earth.

Constellation = nokkhotropunjo / ekotre obosthito nokkhotro punjo / bishal dol ba somabesh 

Boomerang nebula (Coolest place in the universe)
The Boomerang Nebula is a protoplanetary nebula located 5,000 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Centaurus. It is also known as the Bow Tie Nebula. The nebula's temperature is measured at 1 K (-272.15 °C; -457.87 °F) making it the coolest natural place currently known in the Universe.

Baby Boom Galaxy 
The Baby Boom Galaxy is a starburst galaxy located 12.2 billion light years away.[1][4] Discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology, the galaxy is notable for being the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, with brightness being a measure of its extreme star-formation rate.[5] The Baby Boom Galaxy has been nicknamed "the extreme stellar machine" because it is seen producing stars at a surprising rate of up to 4,000 per year (one star every 2.2 hours). The Milky Way galaxy in which Earth resides turns out an average of just 10 stars per year

******* Our milky way gives birth to new star on average every 36 days!!!, average 10 stars per year

Eagle Nebula = Famous Creation of the universe

Twincle Twincle Little Star was False, cause stars dont twincle

Cryogenic = In physics, cryogenics is the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures. It is not well-defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins, but scientists assume it starts at or below -150 °C (123 K; -238 °F).

James Webb space telescope = Proposed High Resolution INFRARED TELESCOPE (better than Hubble Telescope)

***** Before Hubble, we had no idea that there are GALAXIES everywhere, every point you look to the sky. Hundreds billions strewn throughout eternity with each galaxy containing HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF STARS, and likely TRILLIONS of new worlds. 


# NASA =  National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA is a United States government agency that is responsible for science and technology related to air and space. The Space Age started in 1957 with the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik. NASA was created in 1958.
# ESA = European Space Agency. The European Space Agency (ESA) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, with 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000
# STSci = Space Telescope Science Institute (The Space Telescope Science Institute enables excellence in astronomical research by optimizing the science from state-of-the-art observational instruments in space.



Aurora / Northern Lights (found in Australlia) = Laal o sobuj borner alokocchota / An aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar light, is a natural light display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions.

At the center of most galaxies there is SUPER MASSIVE GALAXY, the name of our Galaxy is MilkyWay Galaxy.
All galaxies together interact with the rest of the galaxy structure of the world.

*** Singularities - Black Holes and Wormholes - The Physics of the Universe
SINGULARITY = a point at which a function takes an infinite value, especially in space-time when matter is infinitely dense, as at the center of a black hole.

The Hubble Space Telescope = The Most Important Instrument Ever Built

Supernova 
- a star that suddenly increases greatly in brightness because of a catastrophic explosion that ejects most of its mass.
- The most likely 'cannon' is the explosive kick of a supernova, one of the Universe's most titanic events. When massive stars end their lives, they explode violently as supernovae. They leave either a neutron star or a black hole as a remnant, depending on how massive the star initially is.

COSMOS = bissho bhrommando / mohajogot 

The Five Ages of the Universe 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Ages_of_the_Universe
1. Primordial Era
2. The Stelliferous Era is defined as "6 < n < 14". This is the current era, in which matter is arranged in the form of stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters, and most energy is produced in stars. Massive stars use up their fuel very rapidly, in as little as a few million years.
3. Degenerate Era
4. Black Hole Era
5. Dark Era

The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope in space. Hubble orbits about 547 kilometers (340 miles) above Earth. NASA launched Hubble in 1990. Hubble is as long as a large school bus. It weighs as much as two adult elephants. it is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990, and remains in operation.

SMBH = Supermassive black hole 

Baryonic Matters = matter composed of protons and neutrons; ordinary matter, as distinct from exotic forms.

Mauna Kea = The tallest volcano on Earth is Mauna Kea, one of the 5 volcanos that make up the Big Island of Hawaii. The summit of Mauna Kea is 4,205 meters above sea level, but its true height is much larger. When measured from the sea floor, Mauna kea is more than 9,000 meters tall, making it the tallest mountain on Earth.

Olympus Mons
Olympus Mons on Mars is the tallest mountain on the planet and yet the youngest of the large mountains. Olympus Mons is twice as tall as Earth's Mount Everest. Olympus Mons' elevation above the mean surface level is over 15 miles high, which males it the highest mountain in Solar System on that measure scale.

Magma = when lava stays inside the earth crast, when it comes out to the earth surface it is called LAVA

Asteroids = grohanu punjo / grohanu 
Comets = dhumketu

Space Shuttle
- A rocket-launched spacecraft, able to land like an unpowered aircraft, used to make repeated journeys between the earth and earth orbit.
- The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.



Yuri Gagarin / cosmonaut yuri alekseyevich gagarin =  was a Russian Soviet pilot and cosmonaut. He was the first human to journey into outer space!!!
Neil Armstrong 
Michael Collins
Buzz Aldrin
Valentina Tereshkova


Archaeology = is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains. It is a subfield of anthropology, the study of all human culture. (ex. although archaeological evidence indicates that...)

The highest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 136 Fahrenheit (58 Celsius) in the Libyan desert. The coldest temperature ever measured was -126 Fahrenheit (-88 Celsius) at Vostok Station in Antarctica.

The Apollo program =  also known as Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which accomplished landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. 

Sphinx / The Great SphinX = mishorer piramid songlogno bishal pathorer murti (er matha singher ebong matha manusher moto / Rohossomoy byakti 

Atlantis (The Lost City/World) = Atlantis is a fictional island mentioned within an allegory on the hubris of nations in Plato's works Timaeus and Critias, where it represents the antagonist naval power that besieges "Ancient Athens".
Allegory / Allegorical = rupok kahini / rupok bornona / rupok ak lost world er kahini


Send a Probe / Send Probes = send something to explore the area first before human experience first / physically explore or examine (something) with the hands or an instrument.


*** 
- Earth is Rotating and Revolving. Rotating makes day and night. Revolution makes a year.
- Earth is a little bit tilted (43 degree) which causes one part of the earth to lean towards the sun (Northern Hemisphere), while another part of it is leaning away (Southern Hemisphere/Pole == Antarctica). This  means that differents parts of our planet's surface get different amounts of sunlight and heat. 
- As the earth travels around the sun it creates a pattern throught the year, this pattern happens over and over again. 
At certain time northern hemisphere leans  towards the sun and southern hemisphere leans away. 
At other time the southern hemisphere leans  towards the sun and northern hemisphere leans away.  This pattern is what make seasons. 
- Tilt of earth means that the suns light doesnot hit the earth evenly. You know this when we talked about the seasons and why they happen. But seasons is not the only thing caused by earths tilt. 
Cause some part of the earth near the equator get direct a lot of direct sunlight or sunlight that being straight down instead of an angel. direct sunlight is pretty intense and hot, so the areas around the equador are warm all the time. Noe the opposite is true for the poles (north and south), they get a lot of indirect sunlight or sunlight that strikes the earth at a shallow angel all the time, so these areas of poles are less worm. and this explains why some plants grow in some region and not everywhere. 
- Why does our whole galaxy orbits a BLACK Hole? 
ANS: Our sun along with its solar system and other billions of stars (with their individual organizations) that are hanging out together in what scientists call the milky way galaxy. A black hole is an object that has a gravitational force stronger than anything else in space. Its so strong, even light cant escape it. Thats why they say it black. 
Our MILKY WAY GALAXY has a BLACK_HOLE at its center, but dont freak out, because earth is located thousands and thousands of light-years away from this black hole, so we wont be swallowed up by it ever.  But remember... what holds/attract our solarSystem/Galaxy and keeps our solar system rotating/revolving is that BlackHole. 
- Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral solution only, or in an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.


A galaxy = is a group of stars, gas and dust bound together by gravity

RIGEL = a bright star in Orion constellation
Betelgeuse, also known by its Bayer designation Alpha Orionis (shortened to a Orionis or a Ori), is the ninth-brightest star in the night sky and second-brightest in the constellation of Orion. 

Sun is SUPER_COOL  means it is SUPER_HOT cause it creates energy by neclear fusion in its core and produce light

Tropial Area / Tropial Region / Tropical Climate = Warm and Sunny area of the globe (world).



Earth's Rotation & Revolution: Crash Course Kids 8.1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l64YwNl1wr0


We are in a part of the solar system called GOLDILOCKS ZONE

Hydropower project 

Rubik's Cube = Rubik's Cube is a 3-D combination puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Erno Rubik.

Fine Arts = Charu kola

Cartography / Cartographer  = manchitro onkon bidda

Tesla coil (can produce music) = a form of induction coil for producing high-frequency alternating currents.

Hexaflexagon / Flexagon = In geometry, flexagons are flat models, usually constructed by folding strips of paper, that can be flexed or folded in certain ways to reveal faces besides the two that were originally on the back and front. Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (tetraflexagons) or hexagonal (hexaflexagons). A prefix can be added to the name to indicate the number of faces that the model can display, including the two faces (back and front) that are visible before flexing. For example, a hexaflexagon with a total of six faces is called a hexahexaflexagon.

Stratovolcano = a volcano built up of alternate layers of lava and ash.

Magma / Swirling Magma = molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed. ... Geological meaning "molten rock" is 1859. ... When magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth's surface, it forms what are known as intrusive rocks.

Time-lapse = Time lapse photography/video graphy is a technique whereby the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than that used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.


* ASTEROID = chunks of rocks and metal orbits around the sun, most asteroid found in the ASTEROID BELT (an area between MARS and JUPITER) / An asteroid is a small object in the Solar System that travels around the Sun. It is like a planet but smaller. They range from less than 1 km (over 1000 feet) to 600 miles (1000 km) across. A few asteroids have asteroid moons.
* DWARF Planets = orbitting system not like regular planet 
* Regular Planets = Mercury to Neptune (Not Pluto, because its a dwarf planet)


Gregorian Calendar (our mostly used calendar now a days) / History of English Calendar  = 
- the calendar introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, as a modification of the Julian calendar.
- The Gregorian calendar, also called the Western calendar and the Christian calendar, is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named for Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582. The calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar

freezer = refrigerator

Teleport / Teleportation
- (especially in science fiction) transport or be transported across space and distance instantly.
- a center providing interconnections between different forms of telecommunications, especially one that links satellites to ground-based communications.


The Earth's axis completes one full cycle of precession approximately every 26,000 years. At the same time, the elliptical orbit rotates more slowly. The combined effect of the two precessions leads to a 21,000-year period between the astronomical seasons and the orbit.

Ttropical rainforest
The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome found near Earth's equator. The world's largest tropical rainforests are in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Tropical rainforests receive from 60 to 160 inches of precipitation that is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.


-----Solar System Planets (Planetary Names) ------  Here's the order of the planets, starting nearest the sun and working outward through the solar system: 
* In Short::::::::: MVEM-JS-UNP
Mercury = budh
Venus = shukro (AKA - Sister of the Earth, Hottest planet in solar system, Brightest planet from earth)
Earth = prithibi (Goldilocks planet = A Goldilocks planet is a planet that falls within a star's habitable zone, and the name is often specifically used for planets close to the size of Earth.)
Mars = mongol (Red Planet / Red neighbor)
Jupiter = brihospoti (Largest planet, Gas Giant, No Ground to land on it, 2nd brightest planet from earth, has at least 67 moons, has the largest moon in the solar system, terrible stormy)
Saturn = shoni (beautiful rings made of ice particles, rocks and dust)
Uranus (another gas giant, 27 known moons)
Neptune (another gas giant, need 164 years to make a complete round through its orbit)
??? Planet Nine

Our solar system has 5 Dwarf Planets:
1. Ceres
2. Pluto
3. Eris
4. MakeMake
5. Haumea
 
Some Asteroids of our solar system:::
1. Vesta
2. Juno
3. Pallas

Tunnel to the Other Side of the Earth / Find the other side of the world  ==  Antipodes / Tunnel Map / Map Tunnelling Tool
http://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/antipode-map
http://www.antipodesmap.com/
https://www.freemaptools.com/tunnel-to-other-side-of-the-earth.htm

Aerospace engineering = Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It is divided into two major and overlapping branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering.


Pangea = One Large Supercontinent (existed 300 millions years ago)
Panthalassa = Pangea was surrounded by one superOcean back then.

GMT – Greenwich Mean Time 
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the international civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes (but this is not formalized) and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT

Tropic of Cancer & Tropic of Capricorn =  the parallel of latitude 23°26' north tropic of Cancer or south tropic of Capricorn of the equator. / The Tropic of Cancer is the circle marking the latitude 23.5 degrees north, where the sun is directly overhead at noon on June 21, the beginning of summer in the northern hemisphere. The Tropic of Capricorn is the circle marking the latitude 23.5 degrees south where the sun is directly overhead at noon on December 21

Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle = The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are located at ±66.5 degrees latitude. Note that 66.5 + 23.5 equals 90 degrees. This means that on December 21, when the Sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn at noon, it will not be visible from the Arctic Circle. 


Current sub solar & sub lunar points : http://rl.se/sub-solar-point
- Sub solar point = The subsolar point on a planet is where its sun is perceived to be directly overhead (in zenith); that is where the sun's rays are hitting the planet exactly perpendicular to its surface. It can also mean the point closest to the sun on an object in space, even though the sun might not be visible.
- Sub lunar point =  the point on the earth's surface at which the moon is in the zenith—sublunar point in a sentence.



*** The Equator and the Prime Meridian
Equator = The equator is 0 degree latitude. / Bishub rekha / The equator usually refers to the Earth's equator: an imaginary line on the Earth's surface equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole, dividing the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. / an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.
SEE ALSO::: celestial equator
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Meridian / Prime Meridian = The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. / Okkho rekha / vuprishther uttor o dokkhin merur songjojok britto rekha / the earth's zero of longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich, England. / a planet's meridian adopted as the zero of longitude / is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its antimeridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides the sphere, e.g., the Earth, into two hemispheres.


Polaroid Camera / Instant Camera 
The instant camera is a type of camera which uses self-developing film to create a chemically developed print shortly after taking the picture. Polaroid Corporation pioneered (and patented) consumer friendly instant cameras and film, and were followed by various other manufacturers.

Becquerel Prize = Its purpose is to honour scientific, technical or managerial merit in the development of photovoltaic solar energy, attained over a long period of continuous achievements, or very exceptionally, for some extraordinary invention or discovery.

A Space Adventure (ASA) is a first-person sci-fi adventure game reminiscent of games such as the famous Myst series

ASA Video : Earth From Space Real Footage - Video From The International Space Station (ISS)
European Space Agency, ESA

Alpha centauri = Alpha Centauri (a Cen) is the closest star system to the Solar System at 4.37 ly (1.34 pc). It consists of three stars: the pair Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri ...
Alpha centauri A,
Alpha Centauri B
Proxima Centauri


aphelion = the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is furthest from the sun.
perihelion = the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid, or comet at which it is closest to the sun.


Johannes kepler and his laws or theories
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion, based on his works

Newton's cannonball experiment = Newton's cannonball was a thought experiment Isaac Newton used to hypothesize that the force of gravity was universal, and it was the key force for planetary motion. It appeared in his book A Treatise of the System of the World.

MEMS Device (ex. accelerometer sensor) = Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS, also written as micro-electro-mechanical, MicroElectroMechanical or microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems and the related micromechatronics) is the technology of very small devices; it merges at the nano-scale into nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) and nanotechnology. MEMS are also referred to as micromachines in Japan, or micro systems technology (MST) in Europe.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel (and therefore opposite angles equal). A quadrilateral with equal sides is called a rhombus, and a parallelogram whose angles are all right angles is called a rectangle.

Archaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the study of how people in the past "have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures."

Simplson's Rule (in Mathmatics) = In numerical analysis, Simpson's rule is a method for numerical integration, the numerical approximation of definite integrals.

Ancient Time keepers:::: like Gnomon, Stonehenge, Sothic cycle

- Gnomon - the projecting piece on a sundial that shows the time by the position of its shadow. / From 1500 to 1451 BC, the gnomon, which is the L-shaped indicator on a sundial, was regularly used by the Egyptians.  Thutmose III erected the “Needle of Cleopatra” in Heliopolis.  Its shadow was used to calculate the time, the seasons, and the solstices. / the part of a parallelogram left when a similar parallelogram has been taken from its corner.

- Stonehenge - Although it's one of the world's most famous monuments, the prehistoric stone circle known as Stonehenge remains shrouded in mystery. Built on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, Stonehenge was constructed in several stages between 3000 and 1500 B.C., spanning the Neolithic Period to the Bronze Age. Its massive scale suggests that Stonehenge was vitally important to the ancient peoples who built it, but the monument’s purpose has been the subject of widespread speculation for centuries. 

Heliacal rising / sirius heliacal rising / sirius rising= The heliacal rising of a star occurs annually when it first becomes visible above the eastern horizon for a brief moment just before sunrise, after a period of time when it had not been visible.

History of Iraq (Ancient Mesopotamia/Roman Mesopotamia), 
Sumerians / The ancient Sumerians (in the 3rd millennium BC) / Sumer = Sumer was the first ancient urban civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably THE FIRST CIVILIZATION OF THE WORLD. (Sumerian = A member of the indigenous non-Semitic people of ancient Babylonia)
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Babylonian Empire / Akkadian Empire (Alternate names: Akkadian, Sumerian,  Hebrew, Greek/Ancient Greek, Babylon, Old Persian)


Compressed natural gas (CNG) (methane stored at high pressure) can be used in place of gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel and propane/LPG. CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable gases than the fuels mentioned above.

Volcanic Eruption / Lava Eruption / Lava and Volcano / Lava / Volkano / Agneyogiri

Reactor = an apparatus or structure in which fissile material can be made to undergo a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear reaction with the consequent release of energy.

ITER = (The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) = Largest ever built science project

Radar / Radar Station

Satellite / Satellite Station 



* To RND:
- Design of Hubble Telescope / Hubble's Amazing Optics