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JavaScript provides you many methods to retrieve and change the current URL which is displayed in browser's address bar. All these methods uses the Location object, which is a property of the Window object. You can create a new Location object that has the current URL as follows:

var currentLocation = window.location;
Basic Structure of a URL

<protocol>//<hostname>:<port>/<pathname><search><hash>
Basic structure of a URL

Protocol -- Specifies the protocol name be used to access the resource on the Internet. (HTTP (without SSL) or HTTPS (with SSL))
hostname -- Host name specifies the host that owns the resource. For example, www.stackoverflow.com. A server provides services using the name of the host.
port -- A port number used to recognize a specific process to which an Internet or other network message is to be forwarded when it arrives at a server.
pathname -- The path gives info about the specific resource within the host that the Web client wants to access. For example, /index.html.
query -- A query string follows the path component, and provides a string of information that the resource can utilize for some purpose (for example, as parameters for a search or as data to be processed).
hash -- The anchor portion of a URL, includes the hash sign (#).
With these Location object properties you can access all of these URL components

hash - Sets or returns the anchor portion of a URL.
host - Sets or returns the hostname and port of a URL.
hostname - Sets or returns the hostname of a URL.
href - Sets or returns the entire URL.
pathname - Sets or returns the path name of a URL.
port - Sets or returns the port number the server uses for a URL.
protocol - Sets or returns the protocol of a URL.
search - Sets or returns the query portion of a URL
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