Get Joomla article/category title
<?php
// get article title
$input = JFactory::getApplication()->input;
$id = $input->getInt('id');
$article = JTable::getInstance('content');
$article->load($id);
echo $article->get('title');
// or
echo $article->title;
// get category title v1
$input = JFactory::getApplication()->input;
$catid = $input->getInt('id');
$category = JTable::getInstance('category');
$category->load($catid );
echo $category->get('title');
// or
echo $category->title;
// get category title v2
$input = JFactory::getApplication()->input;
$cmodel = JModelLegacy::getInstance('Article', 'ContentModel');
$catid = $cmodel->getItem($input->get('id'))->catid;
$category = JTable::getInstance('category');
$category->load($catid );
echo $category->get('title');
// or
echo $category->title;
?>