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#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>

#define BUF_DEFAULT_CAPACITY 20

#define ALLOC_BYTES(amnt) static_cast<unsigned char*>(std::malloc(amnt))

class Buf {
public:
    Buf(): _cap(BUF_DEFAULT_CAPACITY),
           _len(0),
           _data(ALLOC_BYTES(_cap))
           {}
    ~Buf() 
    {
        std::free((void*)_data);
    }
    
    size_t getSpace() const { return _cap - _len; }
    
    unsigned char& operator[](size_t index)
    {
        return _data[index];
    }
    
    void put(unsigned char uch)
    {
        if(!getSpace())
            expand(30);
        _data[_len++] = uch;
    }
    
    template<class T>
    void put(const T& value)
    {
        if(getSpace() <= sizeof(T))
            expand(50 + sizeof(T));
        const unsigned char* reader = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(&value);
        const unsigned char* end = reader + sizeof(T);
        while(reader != end) {
            _data[_len++] = *reader++;
        }
        
    }
    
    template<class T>
    Buf& operator<<(const T& value)
    {
        put(value);
        return *this;
    }
private:
    void expand(size_t amount)
    {
        _cap += amount;
        _data = static_cast<unsigned char*>(std::realloc((void*)_data, _cap));
    }
private:
    size_t _cap;
    size_t _len;
    unsigned char* _data;    
};


int main(int agrc, char const* argv[])
{
    Buf buf;
    buf.put(7);
    buf << 6 << 8 << 4 << 99 << 33 << 22 << 77;
    std::printf("space is %lu\n", buf.getSpace());
    return 0;
}