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// C#, OOP

    public class SearchType : Descriptor
    {
        public static readonly SearchType Search = new SearchType(1, "search");
        public static readonly SearchType Category = new SearchType(-1, "category");
        public static readonly SearchType GlobalFilter = new SearchType(-1, "globalfilter");
        public static readonly SearchType Merchant = new SearchType(-1, "merchant");
        public static readonly SearchType Brand = new SearchType(-1, "brand");
        public static IEnumerable<SearchType> All = new List<SearchType> { Search, Category, GlobalFilter, Merchant, Brand };

        private SearchType(int value, string state)
            : base(value, state)
        {
        }

        public static SearchType From(string state)
        {
            var searchType = All.FirstOrDefault(s => s.ToString() == state);
            if (searchType == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("Invalid state value: {0}", state), nameof(state));
            }

            return searchType;
        }
    }


    // Base Class:

    public abstract class Descriptor
    {
        public int Value { get; }
        public string State { get; }

        protected Descriptor(int value, string state)
        {
            Value = value;
            State = state;
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return State;
        }

        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return Value.GetHashCode();
        }

        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            var other = obj as Descriptor;
            if (ReferenceEquals(other, null)) return false;
            return Value == other.Value;
        }

        public static implicit operator int(Descriptor descriptor)
        {
            return descriptor.Value;
        }
    }