https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8214303/conditional-replacement-of-values-in-a-data-frame
df$est[df$b == 0] <- (df$a[df$b == 0] - 5)/2.533 duplicate_form_subset$Disease_All_Sites[duplicate_form_subset$flag == "Keep & fix"] <- paste0(duplicate_form_subset$Disease_Site[duplicate_form_subset$flag == "Keep & fix"])