allomov
11/23/2014 - 5:25 PM

Scala Cheatsheet.

Scala Cheatsheet.

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Variables

CodeMeaning
var x = 5variable
:white_check_mark: val x = 5
:x: x=6		constant
var x: Double = 5explicit type

Functions

CodeMeaning
:white_check_mark: def f(x: Int) = { x*x }
:x: def f(x: Int) { x*x }		define function hidden error: without = it’s a Unit-returning procedure; causes havoc
:white_check_mark: def f(x: Any) = println(x)
:x: def f(x) = println(x)		define function syntax error: need types for every arg.
type R = Doubletype alias
def f(x: R) def f(x: => R)call-by-value call-by-name (lazy parameters)
(x:R) => x*xanonymous function
(1 to 5).map(_*2) (1 to 5).reduceLeft( _+_ )anonymous function: underscore is positionally matched arg.
(1 to 5).map( x => x*x )anonymous function: to use an arg twice, have to name it.
:white_check_mark: (1 to 5).map(2*)
:x: (1 to 5).map(*2)		anonymous function: bound infix method. Use 2*_ for sanity’s sake instead.
:warning: (1 to 5).map { val x=_*2; println(x); x }anonymous function: block style returns last expression.
(1 to 5) filter {_%2 == 0} map {_*2}anonymous functions: pipeline style. (or parens too).
def compose(g:R=>R, h:R=>R) = (x:R) => g(h(x)) val f = compose({_*2}, {_-1})anonymous functions: to pass in multiple blocks, need outer parens.
val zscore = (mean:R, sd:R) => (x:R) => (x-mean)/sdcurrying, obvious syntax.
def zscore(mean:R, sd:R) = (x:R) => (x-mean)/sdcurrying, obvious syntax
def zscore(mean:R, sd:R)(x:R) = (x-mean)/sdcurrying, sugar syntax. but then:
val normer = zscore(7, 0.4)_need trailing underscore to get the partial, only for the sugar version.
def mapmake[T](g:T=>T)(seq: List[T]) = seq.map(g)generic type.
5.+(3); 5 + 3 (1 to 5) map (_*2)infix sugar.
def sum(args: Int*) = args.reduceLeft(_+_)varargs.

Packages

CodeMeaning
import scala.collection._wildcard import.
import scala.collection.Vector
import scala.collection.{Vector, Sequence}		selective import.
import scala.collection.{Vector => Vec28}renaming import.
import java.util.{Date => _, _}import all from java.util except Date.
package pkg at start of file package pkg { ... }declare a package.

Data structures

CodeMeaning
(1,2,3)tuple literal. (Tuple3)
var (x,y,z) = (1,2,3)destructuring bind: tuple unpacking via pattern matching.

:x: var x,y,z = (1,2,3)		hidden error: each assigned to the entire tuple.
var xs = List(1,2,3)list (immutable).
xs(2)paren indexing. (slides)
1 :: List(2,3)cons.
1 to 5 same as 1 until 6
1 to 10 by 2		range sugar.
() (empty parens)sole member of the Unit type (like C/Java void).

Control constructs

CodeMeaning
if (check) happy else sadconditional.
if (check) happy same as if (check) happy else ()conditional sugar.
while (x < 5) { println(x); x += 1}while loop.
do { println(x); x += 1} while (x < 5)do while loop.
import scala.util.control.Breaks._
breakable { for (x <- xs) { if (Math.random < 0.1) break } }		break. (slides)
for (x <- xs if x%2 == 0) yield x*10 same as xs.filter(_%2 == 0).map(_*10)for comprehension: filter/map
for ((x,y) <- xs zip ys) yield x*y same as (xs zip ys) map { case (x,y) => x*y }for comprehension: destructuring bind
for (x <- xs; y <- ys) yield x*y same as xs flatMap {x => ys map {y => x*y}}for comprehension: cross product
for (x <- xs; y <- ys) { println("%d/%d = %.1f".format(x,y, x*y)) }for comprehension: imperative-ishsprintf-style
for (i <- 1 to 5) { println(i) }for comprehension: iterate including the upper bound
for (i <- 1 until 5) { println(i) }for comprehension: iterate omitting the upper bound

Pattern matching

CodeMeaning
:white_check_mark: (xs zip ys) map { case (x,y) => x*y }
:x: (xs zip ys) map( (x,y) => x*y )		use case in function args for pattern matching.

:x: val v42 = 42
Some(3) match { case Some(v42) => println("42") case _ => println("Not 42") }		“v42” is interpreted as a name matching any Int value, and “42” is printed.
:white_check_mark: val v42 = 42
Some(3) match { case Some(v42) => println("42") case _ => println("Not 42") }		”v42” with backticks is interpreted as the existing val v42, and “Not 42” is printed.
:white_check_mark: val UppercaseVal = 42
Some(3) match { case Some(UppercaseVal) => println("42") case _ => println("Not 42") }		UppercaseVal is treated as an existing val, rather than a new pattern variable, because it starts with an uppercase letter. Thus, the value contained within UppercaseVal is checked against 3, and “Not 42” is printed.

Object orientation

CodeMeaning
class C(x: R) same as class C(private val x: R) var c = new C(4)constructor params - private
class C(val x: R) var c = new C(4) c.xconstructor params - public
class C(var x: R) { assert(x > 0, "positive please") var y = x
val readonly = 5
private var secret = 1
def this = this(42) }		constructor is class bodydeclare a public memberdeclare a gettable but not settable memberdeclare a private memberalternative constructor
new{ ... }anonymous class
abstract class D { ... }define an abstract class. (non-createable)
class C extends D { ... }define an inherited class.
class D(var x: R) class C(x: R) extends D(x)inheritance and constructor params. (wishlist: automatically pass-up params by default)
object O extends D { ... }define a singleton. (module-like)
trait T { ... } class C extends T { ... } class C extends D with T { ... }traits.interfaces-with-implementation. no constructor params. mixin-able.
trait T1; trait T2
class C extends T1 with T2
class C extends D with T1 with T2		multiple traits.
class C extends D { override def f = ...}must declare method overrides.
new java.io.File("f")create object.

:x: new List[Int] :white_check_mark: List(1,2,3)		type error: abstract typeinstead, convention: callable factory shadowing the type
classOf[String]class literal.
x.isInstanceOf[String]type check (runtime)
x.asInstanceOf[String]type cast (runtime)
x: Stringascription (compile time)